From Halal to Tayyib: Practical Solutions for the Next Chapter of Islamic Finance

During London Climate Action Week, GEFI convened, in partnership with Gatehouse Bank, HSBC Asset Management and UKIFC, a Chatham House roundtable on the future of Tayyib-inspired finance and its practical implementation.

While Islamic finance has established itself as a global industry exceeding US$6 trillion in assets, participants agreed that the next phase of growth will depend less on expanding existing market share and more on broadening the overall appeal of Islamic investment by demonstrating its wider value proposition.

Building on a Strong Foundation

Discussion reflected on how far the industry has progressed over the past decade. Early product development was often characterised by theoretical debate and establishing accepted interpretations of Shariah principles. Today, Islamic investment products have become increasingly sophisticated, supported by experienced scholars, established screening methodologies and greater institutional confidence.

Rather than revisiting questions of permissibility, attention is increasingly turning towards how Islamic finance can better reflect the broader objectives of Shariah through stewardship, sustainability and long-term value creation.

Listening to Investors

One recurring theme was that successful product development begins with understanding investor needs rather than designing products in isolation.

Participants described how investor engagement had revealed significant unmet demand across both institutional and retail markets. While ethical assets under management continue to grow, many investors still struggle to access diversified investment solutions that align with both their values and long-term financial objectives.

Feedback highlighted several recurring needs:

  • broader access to trusted ethical investment products;
  • multi-asset solutions suitable for different investor profiles;
  • retirement and pension products designed around long-term investment journeys;
  • improved education for both retail and institutional investors.

Rather than creating products simply because they could be offered, successful strategies were increasingly being designed around clearly identified client demand.

From Halal to Tayyib

A central discussion explored the distinction between products that are technically halal and investments that actively pursue Tayyib-inspired principles.

Participants suggested that Shariah screening establishes an important foundation, but stewardship increasingly represents the mechanism through which investments can become Tayyib-inspired. Active ownership, corporate engagement and ongoing monitoring allow investors to encourage better environmental, social and governance practices rather than relying solely on exclusionary screens.

This evolution reflects a shift from asking “Can we invest?” towards asking “How do we invest responsibly once we become owners?”

Many viewed stewardship as the natural next step in Islamic finance’s development.

The Role of Active Ownership

The discussion recognised important differences between passive and active investment strategies. Passive products provide broad market access and play an important role in expanding investor participation. However, active management was generally viewed as offering greater opportunities to influence corporate behaviour through engagement and stewardship. Participants highlighted examples where engagement had encouraged companies to improve environmental and governance practices, demonstrating how Islamic investors can contribute to positive real-world outcomes while remaining consistent with Shariah principles.

Expanding the Ethical Conversation

The discussion also explored whether existing screening approaches sufficiently capture emerging sustainability challenges. Participants reflected on the distinction between halal and Tayyib, arguing that while halal establishes what is permissible, Tayyib asks whether investments actively protect people, communities and the environment.

Coal emerged as a key example, with discussion focusing on its well-documented health, environmental and social impacts. Participants considered whether the ethical reasoning that has led Islamic finance to exclude products such as tobacco could increasingly inform approaches to fossil fuels. At the same time, it was recognised that there are differing interpretations among scholars and practitioners, particularly when balancing ethical considerations with energy access, development priorities and fiduciary responsibilities.

Rather than seeking universal agreement on every issue, participants highlighted the importance of developing practical frameworks that enable Islamic finance to respond to emerging sustainability challenges while remaining grounded in Shariah principles.

Collaboration Will Be Essential

A recurring conclusion was that the next stage of development cannot be achieved by individual firms acting alone.

Participants discussed opportunities for greater collaboration around stewardship, engagement and shared principles that could strengthen market credibility without compromising competition. Any collaborative approaches would need to be carefully designed within appropriate legal and competition frameworks, but there was broad support for developing common approaches that enhance rather than replace individual investment strategies.

The discussion also highlighted the importance of internal expertise. While ethical investing should not depend on any single background or perspective, practitioners with a deep understanding of Islamic principles can play an important role in helping organisations interpret emerging issues and communicate the broader purpose behind Tayyib-inspired investment.

Looking Ahead

The roundtable concluded that Islamic finance has reached an important point in its evolution.

Strong foundations have been established through decades of product development and Shariah scholarship. The opportunity now lies in demonstrating how Islamic finance can contribute to addressing some of today’s most pressing environmental and social challenges through stewardship, engagement and long-term responsible ownership.

Rather than focusing solely on growing the Islamic finance market itself, participants suggested that the industry’s future success will depend on its ability to offer practical investment solutions that appeal to a broader range of investors seeking both financial returns and positive societal outcomes.

The transition from halal to Tayyib is therefore less about replacing existing approaches and more about building upon them—moving from compliance towards a more comprehensive vision of responsible, purpose-driven finance.


Edinburgh-based Gatehouse Capital targets £500m turnover as it enters Scotland's financial services sector

Gatehouse Capital, sister company to Gatehouse Bank, has underlined its commitment to Scotland’s vibrant financial services sector ahead of the 2026 Edinburgh Finance Festival, outlining plans to build one of the UK’s leading Shariah-compliant bridging finance providers from its headquarters in Edinburgh.

Edinburgh Finance Festival 2026, is one of Scotland’s most significant gatherings of financial services leaders, policymakers, academics and innovators, organised by the Global Ethical Finance Initiative (GEFI).

Following an inaugural year that attracted more than 3,000 participants across 25 events, the Festival has quickly established itself as a forum for exploring the future role of finance in society and the economy. Gatehouse Capital joins the festival this year alongside Gatehouse Bank, a longstanding GEFI partner, reflecting a shared commitment to advancing ethical finance in the UK and a shared belief that financial services must continue to evolve, balancing commercial success with transparency, inclusion and positive economic impact.

Selecting Edinburgh, Gatehouse Capital was founded on the basis that Scotland offers a unique combination of financial expertise, regulatory excellence and international connectivity. The company believes the city provides the ideal platform from which to serve brokers, investors and customers across the UK while contributing to the continued growth of Scotland’s financial services sector.

Edinburgh has long been recognised as one of Europe’s leading financial centres, with a reputation built on trust, stewardship and innovation, underpinned by a vibrant ethical finance ecosystem that has been strengthened through over a decade of collaboration, convening and thought leadership led by GEFI. For Gatehouse Capital, those qualities align closely with the principles underpinning Shariah-compliant finance, which emphasise transparency, asset-backed investment and responsible growth.

Gatehouse Capital has set ambitious targets, aiming to become a major participant in the UK bridging sector and has established a long-term objective of reaching £500 million in annual turnover within five years. This will create up to 35 new roles while supporting the wider professional services ecosystem that makes Edinburgh such an attractive destination for financial services firms.

Commenting ahead of the Edinburgh Finance Festival, Mark Dyason, Managing Director at Gatehouse Capital, said:

“Our decision to establish Gatehouse Capital in Edinburgh was a strategic one. Scotland’s capital combines centuries of financial expertise with a forward-looking approach to innovation and investment. It is a city that understands the importance of trust, responsibility and long-term thinking, values that sit at the heart of our business.

“We have ambitious plans for growth and a clear objective to become a significant force within the UK bridging market. Achieving that ambition will require investment in people, technology and partnerships and we believe Edinburgh provides the ideal environment in which to build that future.”

The company believes Edinburgh is a natural home for a modern ethical and Shariah-compliant finance provider. Islamic finance is one of the fastest-growing segments of global financial services, with increasing demand from investors seeking transparent, ethical and asset-backed financial solutions. By locating its headquarters in Scotland, Gatehouse Capital aims to contribute to the continued diversification of the UK’s financial services landscape while strengthening Edinburgh’s position as a globally connected centre for investment, innovation and specialist finance.

The Edinburgh Finance Festival will provide an opportunity to discuss the role that innovative finance businesses can play in supporting economic growth, attracting investment and creating high-quality employment opportunities across Scotland and the wider UK.

Omar Shaikh, Managing Director of GEFI, said:

“Gatehouse Bank has been a longstanding partner of GEFI, and we are delighted to welcome Gatehouse Capital to Edinburgh, the natural home for green and sustainable finance. Their decision to establish and grow the business here reflects the city’s strength as a globally connected centre for ethical finance.

“Edinburgh’s reputation is built on people, purpose and long-term thinking— qualities that align closely with the principles of Islamic and faith-based finance. Gatehouse Bank, one of the UK’s largest Islamic banks, has been a regular participant at our Ethical Finance flagship global summit and their investment in the city is a strong vote of confidence in Scotland’s financial services sector and its future growth potential.”


Publication Launch: The Wealth of Nations: Marking Two Hundred and Fifty Years

Global leaders revisit Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations 250 years on

A major new publication marking the 250th anniversary of Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations has been launched by the Global Ethical Finance Initiative (GEFI), in partnership with Royal London, bringing together leading voices to explore the future of markets, morality and prosperity.

Launched during the Edinburgh Finance Festival, The Wealth of Nations: Marking Two Hundred and Fifty Years examines how Smith’s ideas can help inform contemporary debates around trust, responsible investment, technological disruption, sustainability and long-term economic resilience.

The publication features 19 contributors from across finance, policy and academia and is structured around four themes: Smith Revisited, ESG at a Crossroads, Global Markets, Global Knowledge, and Reimagining the Purpose of Markets.

Contributors include Dr Mahmoud Mohieldin, United Nations Special Envoy on Financing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda; economist and author Sir John Kay; Saker Nusseibeh CBE, Chief Executive of Federated Hermes Limited; Eva Cairns, Head of Responsible Investment at Scottish Widows; and Tan Sri Azman Mokhtar, Chairman of INCEIF University.

Dame Susan Rice, Chair of GEFI’s Global Steering Group, said:

“Two hundred and fifty years after the publication of The Wealth of Nations, many of the questions Adam Smith grappled with remain highly relevant. How do markets create prosperity? What responsibilities accompany wealth? And what role do institutions play in maintaining trust?

This publication brings together a diverse range of perspectives to explore those questions and encourage a richer conversation about the future purpose of markets and finance. Our hope is that it contributes not only to reflection, but to practical action.”

The publication builds on GEFI’s 2021 publication, The Wealth of Nations in the 21st Century, launched during COP26 in Glasgow, and forms part of the organisation’s Radical Old Idea series exploring the relationship between finance, ethics and long-term societal wellbeing.

Barry O’Dwyer, Group CEO of Royal London, said:

“The question is no longer simply how markets can grow, but how they can continue to function effectively over time. Seen through that lens, purpose and profit are not competing objectives. The task before us is not simply to look backwards with reverence, but to look forwards with moral imagination: to ask what kind of economy we are building, whom it serves, and whether it is capable of enduring. The essays in this report examine responsible investment and stewardship not as trends or labels, but as approaches to address the real, material challenges facing the financial system.”

The publication was launched at Ethical Finance Global 2026 in Edinburgh and supported by launch events during London Climate Action Week, bringing together contributors and senior leaders to discuss how the ideas explored in the collection can be translated into practical action.


Security, Technology and the Changing Landscape: Implications for ESG Investors

GEFI’s latest Ethical Finance Round Table brought together senior representatives from across the investment and sustainability community to explore how geopolitical instability, technological change, and shifting public policy signals are reshaping ESG investment frameworks. The discussion focused in particular on the evolving role of defence, the rise of dual-use technologies, and the implications for values-based investing.

Opening Perspectives: Data, Definitions and Disruption

The session opened with two perspectives, including an overview of the long-standing data challenges associated with assessing defence exposure. Participants noted that definitions of defence-related activities remain inconsistent across ESG data providers, with differing classifications, thresholds, and treatment of enabling technologies.1 This lack of standardisation continues to create uncertainty for investors, particularly as modern defence systems increasingly include areas such as drones, software, satellites, and AI-enabled capabilities that do not fit neatly into traditional categories

Diverging Perspectives on Defence

Discussion then turned to how investor and client views are evolving. While recent geopolitical developments and strong sector performance have prompted more frequent questions about the absence of defence exposure in portfolios, this has not necessarily translated into a shift in mandates. In many cases, clients are seeking greater transparency and explanation rather than actively requesting inclusion. At the same time, a significant cohort, particularly among faith-based, charitable, and values-led investors, continues to prioritise alignment with underlying principles, even where this may limit returns. As a result, approaches to defence are becoming more differentiated rather than converging.

Fiduciary Duty and Values Alignment

Participants explored the tension between fiduciary duty and values alignment, noting that the role of the asset manager is often not to define what is ethical, but to provide clear frameworks and processes that allow clients to make informed decisions. The 2022 invasion of Ukraine was widely seen as an inflection point, shifting how defence, security, and technology are considered within ESG frameworks and prompting a broader reassessment of the relationship between markets, national security, and long-term stability.

Dual-Use Technologies and the Expanding Boundary of Defence

The increasing importance of dual-use technologies adds a further layer of complexity. Many capabilities, particularly in AI, data, and digital infrastructure, originate in civilian contexts but are subsequently applied in defence settings. This raises difficult questions about where to draw boundaries, especially where revenue exposure may not fully capture the significance of a technology. Participants also noted that controversy data often lags real-world developments, limiting its usefulness in assessing emerging risks.

Applying ESG in Complex Sectors

In practice, investors continue to use a combination of revenue thresholds, exclusions, and engagement to manage defence exposure. However, applying these tools consistently remains challenging. Complex corporate structures, diversified revenue streams, and long-term government contracts can make it difficult to determine the true extent of involvement. While exclusions remain important for signalling alignment with client values, they are often seen as limited in their real-world impact. Engagement offers a route to improve transparency and governance, but its effectiveness is constrained where there is no credible pathway for change.

Governance, Risk and Scrutiny

Governance and reputational considerations were also central to the discussion. Defence-related companies are subject to heightened scrutiny, particularly in relation to conduct, oversight, and corruption risks. Participants noted growing client focus on disclosure quality and decision-making processes, rather than purely binary inclusion or exclusion decisions.

Policy Tailwinds and Market Realities

The broader market and policy context was also highlighted. Approaches to defence exposure vary across ESG and sustainability labelled funds and can limit holdings depending on mandates and objectives. At the same time, UK and European policy signals are increasingly supportive of defence as a strategic sector, linked to economic resilience and sovereign capability.

One participant challenged the extent to which ESG frameworks are meaningfully constraining defence investment at all, noting that capital allocation in the sector is primarily driven by government spending, procurement decisions, and broader market dynamics. This prompted reflection on whether ESG is sometimes overstated as a driver of outcomes in this space.

Conclusion: Differentiation, Not Convergence

Overall, the discussion highlighted that there is no settled consensus on defence within ESG investment. Approaches are becoming more nuanced and more varied, reflecting differing interpretations of risk, responsibility, and values. While greater clarity and consistency in definitions would support investors, the complexity of the issue, especially in relation to technology and geopolitics, means that divergence is likely to persist.

 

1 MSCI classifies companies based on revenue exposure to conventional and controversial weapons (including cluster munitions, landmines, and biological or chemical weapons) within its ESG screening framework. Sustainalytics and ISS ESG apply similar distinctions between controversial and conventional weapons, but differ in scope, revenue thresholds, and the treatment of military contracting and defence-enabling technologies.


SDG Hive ASEAN 2026: Financing Our Shared Prosperity

The second SDG Hive session shifted the focus from Islamic finance specifically to a broader question: what is finance ultimately for?

Opening the session, Dame Susan Rice delivered her keynote, Wealth of Nations, Health of the Planet, marking 250 years since Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations. She reminded participants that Smith was not only an economist, but a moral philosopher. Markets, she argued, are not morally neutral. Without trust and conscience, they drift.

Reflecting on ESG backlash, greenwashing, and speculative cycles, Dame Susan emphasised that culture, not compliance, determines whether finance serves society.

From Moral Framing to Market Practice

The panel discussion that followed, moderated by Omar Shaikh, explored what this means in practice across Southeast Asia.

Rafe Haneef, Group CEO of MBSB, described how development-focused banking increasingly requires acting as an ecosystem builder for SMEs, not simply a capital provider. Success must be defined by resilience and long-term value creation.

Rima Dwi Permatasari, Group Head ESG at Bank Syariah Indonesia, highlighted that Islamic finance does not automatically produce inclusive outcomes. Risk-sharing models and sustainability sukuk must be deliberately structured to support real-economy resilience.

Farrakh Ashraf, Senior Investment Specialist at Aegon Asset Management (Aegon AM), offered the asset management perspective. ESG frameworks, he argued, are not simply ethical overlays but tools for assessing systemic risks, climate, governance, and social instability, that directly affect long-term portfolio resilience.

The session concluded with a clear message: shared prosperity will not emerge from capital flows alone. It requires redesigned incentives, stronger institutional culture, and a deeper alignment between finance and moral purpose.


SDG Hive ASEAN 2026: Unlocking Islamic Sustainable Finance

On Thursday 5th February 2026, alongside Ethical Finance ASEAN 2026, senior practitioners, scholars and policymakers gathered at the Asian Institute of Chartered Bankers (AICB) in Kuala Lumpur for the first SDG Hive session: Unlocking Islamic Sustainable Finance

Participants were welcomed by Ashraf Gomma Ali, Group Chief Shariah and Sustainability Officer at MBSB, and Shireen Kandiah, Director of Sustainability, Marketing and Communications at AICB, setting the tone for an interactive, debate-style session focused not on theory, but on market reality.

The central question was clear: how can Islamic finance move beyond compliance-based screening toward a more holistic, impact-driven approach anchored in Maqasid al-Shariah and the principles of tayyib, purity, responsibility, and societal wellbeing?

The Maqasid Journey So Far

The opening fireside discussion, moderated by Dame Susan Rice, Chair of GEFI, explored how Malaysia’s Maqasid-aligned guidelines have begun shifting the conversation from form to purpose.

Dr Azrul Azlan Iskandar Mirza of the Securities Commission Malaysia reflected on the intent behind the guidelines: to embed Maqasid not as a marketing label, but as a framework shaping governance, product design and capital allocation.

From a practitioner’s perspective, Arshad Nuval Othman, Head of Sustainable Finance at CIMB Islamic, highlighted the operational realities of implementation. Translating Maqasid into day-to-day decision-making requires more than aspiration, it demands internal capability, board-level buy-in, measurable KPIs, and alignment with emerging sustainability frameworks, including carbon market developments across ASEAN.

Reassessing Coal in Islamic Finance: The Scientific Case

The session then turned to one of the most pressing test cases for Islamic sustainable finance: coal.

Hamizah Shamsudden, Climate and Energy Campaigner at Greenpeace Malaysia, presented the scientific underpinning of the Reassessing Coal in Islamic Finance report..

Her presentation drew on peer-reviewed medical research, IPCC and IEA climate science, and economic data from the World Bank and WHO. The argument was not framed as activism, but as evidence-based analysis.

Key findings included:

  • Health impacts: Coal-related air pollution contributes to millions of premature deaths globally. A 2023 US study linked coal emissions to approximately 460,000 deaths between 1999 and 2020, with coal-based particulate pollution found to be more than twice as deadly as other sources. Globally, air pollution causes 6.7 million premature deaths annually, comparable in scale to tobacco.
  • Disproportionate burden: Pregnant women, children, and low-income communities bear the heaviest impact.
  • Economic costs: Pollution-related damages amount to an estimated $8.1 trillion annually, around 6% of global GDP.

The presentation closed with a stark ethical parallel: Islamic finance prohibited tobacco once its harm became clear. The question now is whether coal presents a similar moment of moral clarity.

Scholar Debate: Translating Evidence into Screening

The final segment, moderated by Omar Shaikh, Managing Director of GEFI, brought together Prof. Dr Mohamad Akram (INCEIF), Ashraf Gomma Ali (MBSB), and Umer Suleman (Wahed/UKIFC).

This was not a forum for issuing rulings, but for surfacing where consensus may be emerging, and where tensions remain.

From a juristic and Maqasid perspective, the discussion examined whether contemporary scientific evidence fundamentally alters the classification of coal. If harm is now systematic, multidimensional and preventable, does that change the threshold for permissibility?

Umer Suleman reflected on areas of convergence from the earlier scholarly workshop, particularly around acknowledging material harm. However, practical implementation raises complex questions: should stock screening remain binary, or move toward a graduated framework that distinguishes between pure-play coal exposure and transitional contexts?

Ashraf Gomma Ali offered the banking lens. As both Shariah and sustainability leader at MBSB, he emphasised the importance of translating evolving scholarly thinking into credible board guidance, product design and portfolio decisions. The challenge is not only theological consistency, but operational clarity.

Beyond Screening: A Broader Trajectory

The Unlocking Islamic Sustainable Finance session made one thing clear: the debate is no longer about whether Islamic finance should engage sustainability. It is about how deeply and how credibly.

Maqasid alignment demands more than excluding harm, it requires proactive alignment with human flourishing, environmental stewardship and long-term resilience. Coal has become a litmus test for that ambition.

As Islamic finance continues to mature across ASEAN and beyond, its credibility will increasingly rest not only on compliance with form, but on its willingness to confront systemic harm with intellectual rigour and moral consistency.


Making the ‘S’ Matter: Social Risk, the Just Transition, and the Future of Sustainable Finance

The Sustainable Finance landscape has witnessed dramatic upheaval in the last few years driven by backlash to the perceived ills of the industry including greenwashing and overpromising, a politicised or ‘woke’ agenda, and increasingly burdensome reporting regimes.  2025 appears to have been somewhat of a turning point in this upheaval with many financial and investment firms around the world settling on a strategy of continuing their work on sustainable products and practices with less public promotion or fanfare and more focus on working towards intelligent reporting frameworks which are additive to the client experience.  This is bringing the focus of Sustainable Finance firmly back to the core principle of doing the work for the sake of client returns and real, positive change in the environment and society.  This focus on what’s ‘important’ rather than what’s ‘fashionable’ opens the door to even more positive evolution in the industry in 2026 and I, for one, am extremely excited to see where this leads our community.

One of the areas I think is going to see increased awareness and innovation in 2026 and beyond is the incorporation of social risks and opportunities into Sustainable Finance products, reporting, and decision-making in a more concrete, intentional way.  Gone are the days of the ‘S’ in ESG being cast aside as ‘too hard’ or beyond the scope of current sustainability tools, stewardship or reporting frameworks, and performance indices.

Increasingly, professionals in our industry are seeing sustainable risks and opportunities as systems-level problems to be untangled using innovative solutions derived from a holistic, rather than siloed, view of environmental, governance, and social issues.  This holistic take on sustainability issues allows social risks and opportunities to come to the fore as a key component of tackling vital challenges such as the Just Transition without getting lost in favour of environmental issues.  This advancement in Sustainable Finance is absolutely vital as we cannot simply focus on the environmental aspects of issues such as climate change or protecting nature without a thorough evaluation of the social externalities – intended and unforeseen.  We cannot continue to pursue climate and nature mitigation strategies without protecting communities and working to prevent further bifurcation between global ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ as the Green Transition must also function credibly as a Just Transition – our shared prosperity depends on it.

Facilitating this increased focus on social aspects of Sustainable Finance is work happening across the globe to better understand, categorise, and capitalise on social risks and opportunities.

In Europe, we eagerly await the arrival of guidance from the Taskforce on Inequality and Socially-Related Financial Disclosures – the first attempt at creating guidelines for understanding and reporting on risks and opportunities as they relate to people and communities around the world.  This will help bracket the discussion of social factors as they relate to sustainable finance products and practices and help quantify and qualify social impact and externalities.

“We think about this through a systemic lens… aggregations of inequality (like low pay in individual entities) we believe drive system level risk in three ways: societal stability risk, macroeconomic risk, and financial stability risk”.

~ Simon Rawson, Executive Director, TISFD

"As a bank, we should [be looking and social and inequality issues] because it’s the right thing to do, but we need to look at by the different roles we have… because each one of those roles have a different impact on social risks.”

~ Amanda Zilig, Global Human Rights Program Lead, ING

In ASEAN, a vital recognition of the diversity of stakeholder groups within specific countries as well as the broader region is leading the way in developing products and solutions – such as project finance or small and micro-lending – intended not to deliver broad stroke improvement but progress according to tightly defined impact Key Performance Indicators specific to individual groups.  This innovation improves the ability of financial institutions to monitor and report on the actual progress being made through the use of sustainable finance products.  I am truly excited to see how this work develops in the region and beyond and I think there is a great deal of learning the rest of the world can gain from ASEAN in this regard.

Whilst the past few years have been difficult for the Sustainable Finance industry, I think that difficulty has and will continue to lead to a tighter focus on creating and running more credible and better designed products which can only be good for the future of our industry.  In 2026 and beyond, as different regions focus on innovating to meet the needs of their clients and communities, I look forward to working together to find financial and investment solutions which both achieve client goals and drive meaningful change in the world around us.

This article was co-authored by Lauran Halpin.

Lauran recently participated in a GEFI Insights Series Asset TV episode. Click here, to watch her discussion with TISFD’s Executive Director Simon Rawson and Amanda Zilig, Global Human Rights Programme Lead at ING.


ESG Majlis: Reassessing Coal in Islamic Stock Screening

The final ESG Majlis of the year took place at the White & Case office in Dubai on Wednesday 29th October 2025 with the discussion focussed on Rethinking Islamic Stock Screening.

ESG Majlis Dubai

The session brought together industry leaders, scholars, and sustainability practitioners to explore how Islamic finance can evolve in response to modern environmental, social, and ethical challenges. The discussion centred on aligning Shariah principles with global sustainability frameworks while preserving the integrity of Islamic finance.

Key discussion points that were covered during the interactive and dynamic session have been summarised below.

Ethical Integration and the Role of Islamic Finance

Participants began by examining how Islamic finance could play a more active role in supporting sustainable business practices. The discussion highlighted the need to balance commercial interests with ethical imperatives, particularly in sectors such as fossil fuels, drawing parallels to how the tobacco industry was excluded based on the principle of harm. The group acknowledged that Islamic finance, rooted in justice and stewardship, has strong potential to contribute to global climate goals if its screening methodologies evolve to incorporate environmental and social considerations more fully.

ESG, Energy Security, and Evolving Standards

The session delved into the integration of ESG and human rights factors within Islamic finance, particularly regarding energy security and the role of technology. Participants discussed the need to weigh environmental and ethical concerns alongside market realities. The example of the UK Government’s decision to cease promoting oil and gas exports underscored the complexity of managing energy transition policies within a competitive global market.

Evaluating Environmental Impact: Gold and Coal

A key theme was the environmental and human toll of industries traditionally deemed permissible under Shariah. Data presented on gold-related pollution and mortality rates raised questions about the moral basis for investment in such sectors, while the discussion on coal underscored its dual role as both an environmental hazard and a transitional energy source. Participants agreed on the need for a more evidence-based, scientific approach to evaluating these industries, recognising that divestment strategies must be sensitive to local economic realities.

Towards a Systematic Approach to Screening

Participants emphasised that Islamic screening should move beyond static sectoral exclusions toward a systematic framework that evaluates activities based on their real-world harms and benefits. The conversation explored how certain industries—such as mining, tobacco, and alcohol—could be assessed holistically, considering social impact, environmental damage, and economic necessity. It was noted that Greenpeace will release a paper on this topic to guide further discourse on harmonising ethical, environmental, and financial criteria.

Universal Shariah Interpretations and Modern Industry

The round table also addressed the challenge of ensuring consistency among Shariah scholars when issuing rulings on modern industries such as oil, gas, and mining. Participants debated whether such determinations should rest solely with Shariah boards or involve risk and sustainability professionals, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in shaping credible, forward-looking Islamic financial standards.

Defining Sustainable Debt and Asset Classification

Discussion turned to sustainable debt frameworks and the need for clear asset classification criteria. Participants noted the difficulty of establishing consistent standards for what constitutes a “sustainable” or “green” Shariah-compliant asset, calling for greater regulatory clarity and guidance. The group also discussed whether Shariah compliance should extend to compensation and onboarding processes, concluding that it should be mandated only where explicitly required by regulators.

The Environmental Dimension of Islamic Finance

The session concluded by exploring the broader environmental impacts of Islamic finance. While fossil fuels remain a contentious issue, participants cautioned against blanket divestment, noting that fossil fuel revenues can support renewable energy development—especially in emerging markets. The consensus was that Islamic finance should adopt a nuanced approach, distinguishing between abated and unabated activities, while championing a stewardship-based economic model that promotes both ethical integrity and environmental sustainability.

Summary

The Rethinking Islamic Stock Screening round table offered a thought-provoking exploration of how Islamic finance can evolve to address modern sustainability challenges. Key takeaways included:

  • The importance of integrating ESG and ethical considerations within Shariah screening frameworks.
  • The need for systematic, evidence-based evaluation of industries based on harm and benefit.
  • Recognition of the moral and environmental implications of investments in gold, coal, and other extractive sectors.
  • Calls for consistent, universal Shariah rulings informed by scientific and risk-based insights.
  • The urgency of developing clear, credible frameworks for sustainable and green Islamic financial instruments.

The discussion underscored that rethinking Islamic stock screening is not about redefining Shariah principles but about reapplying them in a way that meets the ethical and environmental challenges of the 21st century.

If you are interested in getting involved please contact dalia@globalethicalfinance.org


Aligning Portfolios with NDCs

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are the cornerstone of the Paris Agreement, adopted at COP21 in 2015. They represent each country’s self-defined plan to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Investors and policy advocates now call for "investable NDCs", clear, detailed, and credible pathways that can guide capital allocation.

NDCs and COP21

David Pitt-Watson, former UNEP FI Co-Chair during the lead-up to COP21, reflected on the evolution of finance’s role in climate negotiations. He traced this from the early Kyoto Principles through to the landmark Paris Agreement. David highlighted how UNEP FI positioned itself as a constructive “dealmaker” ahead of COP21, pushing negotiators to be ambitious while providing clarity and tools (like green bonds and reporting frameworks) to attract investors. Bringing the conversation to the present, he underlined the critical role of the real economy and the need for credible, investment-grade policy signals.

Making NDCs Investible

Arianna Griffa, Senior Policy Manager at the IIGCC, presented the IIGCC’s report on Making NDCs Investible. Representing over 400 members with over $60 trillion in assets, the IIGCC explored whether NDCs could serve as useful tools for investors. The consensus was that while they offer valuable signals of long-term direction, challenges remain, namely around data quality, granularity, and policy consistency.

Key Findings from the IIGCC Report:

  1. Granularity matters – high-level targets are insufficient. For instance, China recently became the first country to announce decarbonisation strategies for all sectors.
  2. Credibility comes from coherence – public fiscal support, regulatory roadmaps, and implementation plans are key to making NDCs actionable.

The UK’s NDC was cited as the only one currently aligned with a 1.5°C pathway, according to Climate Action Tracker.

Are NDCs useful for finance?

The group wrestled with whether NDCs provide enough clarity or consistency to serve as meaningful tools for investors. Key points included:

  • Drivers of decarbonisation targets were debated, with some questioning whether they stem from genuine national commitment or external pressure.
  • Sovereign bonds were discussed as natural entry points for engaging with NDCs, though some felt this could shift over time.
  • Despite ESG pushback in some markets, there is a growing cohort of investors committed to implementation and engagement.
  • NDCs were seen as valuable inputs for scenario planning, even if not yet central to investment decision-making.

Investor-Government Engagement

There was broad agreement that constructive engagement with governments is necessary, but this should be clearly distinguished from lobbying. Partnerships were seen as essential for shaping realistic and investible transition plans.

One standout suggestion was the development of a scorecard to rank the quality and credibility of NDCs, helping investors better assess risk and opportunity.

Fiduciary Duty and Risk

Tensions were raised between fiduciary duty and climate outcomes. Some questioned whether the current framing of fiduciary responsibility allows enough space for climate-aligned investing. The discussion highlighted a need for more honest conversations about active risk-taking, especially when passive strategies are unlikely to deliver long-term value in a transitioning economy.

The example of Hungary’s green bond issuance to electrify its railway network showed how well-structured deals can align financial and environmental outcomes.

Geopolitical Headwinds

David reflected on how the diplomatic groundwork ahead of COP21, especially the US-China deal, set the stage for consensus. In contrast, today’s geopolitical uncertainty is hampering ambition. There was concern that early climate leaders like Colombia have been penalised by markets for bold transition plans, underlining the need for market stability and clear frameworks.

The Role of the Financial Sector

The session closed with reflections on what finance can do to accelerate progress:

  • Collaborative engagement was deemed more effective than individual action.
  • Silence is complicity, retreating from public engagement isn’t neutral, it slows progress.
  • Central banks and incentives, participants called for stronger incentives, similar to the US IRA’s tax credits, to channel private capital into climate-aligned investments.

Conclusion

There was broad agreement that while NDCs are imperfect, they remain one of the few tools linking government ambition with investor decision-making. To bridge the gap, investors need:

  • Clear, sector-specific policy roadmaps
  • Granular and credible data
  • Consistent regulatory frameworks
  • Mechanisms to engage constructively with sovereigns

Perhaps most importantly, they need the courage to take active risks, aligned with values and value.


Confessions of a Justified ESG Practitioner

Despite the title of this, if you are expecting some scandalous confession, I am likely to disappoint.  But what this covers is my personal experience of the past 25 years in sustainable, ethical and responsible finance and my views to whether the sector is broken or still has a future.

So we start 27 years ago, a very young and naïve graduate, making my way to the city to “seek my fortune”.  I was fascinated that this one small square mile of London, was responsible for the UK’s economic prosperity and growth.  Finance intrigued and excited me.

But what about my values? These have always been part of who I am, someone who loves nature and cares about the environment. I recycled at university before recycling was a thing (people thought I was weird!).  I cared about the origins of my food and animal welfare embarrassing my mother by asking every restaurant whether their pork was free range or not. Yet, here I was excited about what many viewed as the den of inequity.

But I was fortunate to have my eureka moment. I went to work for a fund manager which ran the ethical investment advisory group for the church of England. A job that absolutely aligned values with finance – something I had no idea was even possible.

Leaving the banking trading floor for that first job in sustainable finance was a bit of a baptism of fire.  We introduced voting, in response to the Cadbury Code, engagement frameworks and well thought-out ethical investment policies. All based on fundamental research and hands on relationship building with the companies in which the Church invested.  Standards were essential to align investment funds with the Church’s beliefs within the need to balance the financial returns. That tension was a healthy one, albeit at times very strained.

It was at this time sustainable investment started taking off.  But even then, you felt you were sitting in a dusty cupboard, asking permission to come out, needing to be brave to speak about environmental issues with investment teams. Often you were made to feel like you were just a little bit crazy, a radical or “god-forbid” an actual tree hugger.

We had to convince our finance colleagues of the merits of what we were doing – even in the church fund managers in those days were wary of sustainability and just wanted a list of exclusions.  We took time to understand the very complex issues we faced, and engaged with a wide variety of stakeholders outside of corporates to build our credibility.  We also had numerous battles with companies we were invested in.

This experience taught me early on in my career that sustainability issues and ethics were complicated, that decisions had to be based on fundamental research and integrity and that corporate engagement could make a positive difference.  And to do this we had to be brave.

Now, there were not many of us in the industry in the early days.  We had to band together like a small army, with one mission and that was to improve, company governance and sustainability practices within the firms we were investing in. We all ultimately believed that this would improve long-term shareholder returns, as well as improve the lives of the stakeholders these corporates interacted with. There was no sense of competition, we weren’t being driven by bringing in flows. Principles and standards were the number one focus of this small but growing group of pioneers. It was this collaboration that led us to realise we were more powerful together. It was then that collective engagement really started taking off.

It was a fun time, it was exciting and new and together we felt braver. We were changing the way companies thought about sustainability issues. Companies were starting to recognise the value in strong business-focused sustainability practices. Competitive advantage, insuring them against scandals, protecting their reputation, building customer loyalty to name just a few.

But as the industry grew, the aims of investors started to differ.

And at the same time, the growing interest in impact investment was taking place. A real understanding that you could allocate capital in a way that achieved environmental and social outcomes as well as a financial returns.

Clients grew more interested in positive outcomes and with this the commercial interest in sustainability grew very rapidly.

This was exciting but worrying at the same time.  Just before COVID, I hit the headlines. I raised the question whether we were facing an ESG bubble. I had lived through the dot-com bubble, mortgage backed securities and other various bubbles and I was worried we were facing the same with sustainability.

Everyone had appeared to become a sustainability expert. People with little or no experience in ESG were being tasked with setting strategy and running teams.

It was clear to me that what was driving this growth was the recognition that sustainable investment products could be lucrative.

All of a sudden there was a shift to get into sustainable investment to make money rather than to get into sustainable investment because it’s the right thing to do and it will make you money.

The industry was been driving by value instead of values.

There was a rush to relabel mainstream investment products under SFDR.  The push from the commercial side was real – yet those who were not well versed in sustainability did not really understand what this actually meant.  There was so much confusion and I, like many other sustainability experts, found myself trying to explain to people that you couldn’t make sweeping claims on sustainability.  That engagement in itself could not make a fund sustainable. That there were still hard lines around some activities, such as tobacco, gambling, offensive weapons and coal.

The sector was facing an identity crisis. Once a bastion of standards and ethics, sustainability professionals were being pushed to water down these standards – all for the desire for profit – win new business, grow AUM in sustainability funds, and be bigger than others. For a few years, things got a little crazy, some might even say out of control.

And that is when the regulators starting stepping in, fines were levied and new regulation introduced, creating an initial burden on asset managers and companies as these organisations work to meet the reporting requirements emerging from this.  At the same time, a culture of fear has crept in with a number of asset managers pulling back on commitments for fear of upsetting regulators, politicians or even clients.  This yo-yo between all or nothing has left those in the industry frustrated and disillusioned.

The last few years have been exhausting. Sustainability teams, focused on research and engagement all of a sudden became product people, IT, reporting and compliance functions. A couple of years ago I gave an interview to Financial News. It was a Friday afternoon. I had spent the week speaking with regulators and internal discussions over standards and client reporting. I made a comment to the journalist, which hit the headlines “We’re on our knees at the moment.  I am exhausted, I am fed up and I feel like I have become a compliance function”. Little did I know this would go viral. Dozens of people got in touch. The number of people this resonated with was extraordinary. I had said something everyone was feeling and no-one was saying.

After losing our way, we need to come back to basics. The business case for sustainability is clear: companies cannot thrive on a planet suffering from environment crises and unmanageable social risks. The sustainability actions of leading businesses demonstrate what is possible and generate momentum, even if progress is slow. We desperately require a brave mindset change to accelerate this.  A recent FT article called this “competitive sustainability” a move to long-term resilience rather than short-term gains. And a corporate mindset shift to view sustainability as a matter of competitiveness, not responsibility. I could not agree more.

So, am I optimistic for the future? Yes, I am.

All is not lost! Over 25 years, we have definitely made progress – albeit with a few hiccups along the way and slower than we would have liked. Did we get to the point where we confused value and values? Yes – the waters got muddied, marketers jumped on the bandwagon, we promised more than we could deliver.  However, the industry is now pulling back, with the push/pull from regulation to a potentially more realistic and sustainable path.

So what are some of the key takeaways?

  1. Recognise that we have made massive progress – the backlash is evidence of that but there is still much to do to support the sustainable investment landscape.
  2. To be successful, we need to let practitioners get back to principles rather than compliance, reporting, product development or IT.
  3. We need call on investors, companies and politicians to be brave (like we were in the early days) to be agents of change, buck the trend and think long-term.

We can make progress and we are. But how we do it and pace we set will be determined by those brave enough to take the big steps. Just remember, things that look crazy now could become the norm in the future!

As I contemplate the next stage of sustainable investment, I am hopeful that the bright and enthusiastic (and hopefully brave) next generation will carry on the good fight, as the investors, politicians and company executives of the future.  Let’s work together to make a difference, build integrity, drive good corporate behaviours because without a sustainable innovative economy, the problems we face on this planet will not be solved. And all of this should help us make sustainable investment a fun place to be again.


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